Was Roosevelt responsible for Pearl Harbour - 2228 Words

Was President Franklin D Roosevelt responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour? On December 7, 1941 the infamous bombing of Pearl Harbour by the Japanese took place, but who was really responsible? Many historians lay the blame with President Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR), citing his approach to the war as antagonistic and inciting a Japanese attack. This report however will highlight that the Japanese were the real antagonises, deliberately and purposely attacking the United States (US), United Kingdom and Holland, and Pearl Harbour was but a pawn in their war plan, thus alleviating FDR of the historical responsibility bequeathed to him over the last 70 years. The key elements within this review focus on Japans Pacific War plans, FDRs†¦show more content†¦They had also issued radar equipment able to detect planes up to 100 miles away, in darkness, storm or daylight and advised that war was imminent and reconnaissance should be undertaken. They had no idea the war had already begun and in 11 days time America would be on the forefront of a Japanese attack. The notice for an attack would come via an intercepted transmission on December 6 to the Japanese Ambassador detailing a secretive 14 part message due to be transmitted and when advised, given to the American authorities. 13 parts were received and deciphered before midnight on December 6. Those 13 parts contained a history from Japans perspective on what had happened in the war thus far and how they felt about it. Part 14, the most important part, was received by the decoders at 4am on December 7. By 10am they had deciphered and sent it to President Roosevelt. At 10.30am an addition to the message was received. It detailed that the message was to be handed over by the Ambassador at 1pm that afternoon. This also happened to be the time for the first attack however no location was given. Henry L Stimson the Former Secretary of War as recorded in What Happened at Pearl Harbour states the following regarding the MAGIC code: In very exceptional cases, they made no mention of their plans or movements to any of their embassies, so that, in these instances, there were no codes to decipher. The attack on Pearl Harbour was such a case (Ford,Show MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima1214 Words   |  5 Pages8:15 in the morning, a massive, mushroom cloud rose over Hiroshima, Japan killing more than 70,000 people. The first atomic bomb had been used in combat. Then on August 9, another bomb was sent in by the bomber Bock’s Car. It was originally supposed to go to the city of Kokura, but the weather was bad so it was redirected to Nagasaki killing 40,000 people. With the death tolls at around 129,000, Japan unconditionally surrendered several days later ending World War Two. 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Essentially, the United States no longer desireRead More The Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Essay2620 Words   |  11 PagesThe Pearl Harbor Conspiracy In the early morning of December 7, 1941 the bombing of Pearl Harbor took place. There was a total of 2,403 Americans killed and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt knew of the attack and did nothing to stop it. He permitted Japan to carry on the attack. There is proof that the president knew of the attack months before it actually took place. He is directly responsible for the lives lost. The U.S. was warned by, at least, the governmentsRead More‘an Unnatural Alliance That Was Bound to Fall Apart After the Defeat of a Common Enemy’ – to What Extent Does This Statement Explain the Origins of the Cold War?1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthe alliance was almost certain to fall apart. It is almost an undeniable assumption that the alliance of the USSR and USA was, as historian Caroline Kennedy-Pipe says, it was an ‘alliance of desperation, not trust’, and thus it would appear one of convenience, rather than voluntarial. One of the more simplistic reasons for the alliance was the need to defeat a common enemy – by uniting, it would be both easier and more efficient to work together to achieve a common goal. Stalin was afraid of GermanRead MoreEssay about Why we dropped the Atomic Bomb2543 Words   |  11 PagesWhy we dropped the Atomic Bomb The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945 was a definite turning point in the Pacific War of World War II. Earlier that year, Germany had been defeated and the world then turned its attention to the Pacific war. Most history books state the argument that the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan was necessary to stop the war in order to save thousands of lives of American troops that were planning to invade Japan. Had theRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many historians believe that the gove rnment and military spending restimulated

Electronic Data Interchange or EDI

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. Answer: Introduction: Electronic form of making contract has been in vogue for last many years. Earlier they were made with respect to Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. They were privately dealt with and were subject to charges entailed to them. The service providers catered to specific organisations that had their prerogatives for very specific purposes. They were usually done for communication purposes between the manufacturer, wholesaler and the retailer. It simplified the efforts taken by these individuals to make arrangements for trade. In absence of such services, there would be unnecessary burden of paperwork. However this service is limited to people who have long lasting relationship. Then only EDI subsists without impediments. These are established in traditional conceptualisation of contract but may not be apt in the virtual world of trade. The traders, who intend to enter into business through internet, must understand the nuances which are required and the process by which electronic forms of contract are formed. The following things are to be present in the elements of electronic contracts An offer which is basically desire for making an agreement on the basis of certain conditions being fulfilled. It can be made through almost all possible modes of communication. It can be through telephone discussions or through electronic mails. In the case of Reese Bros Plastics Ltd v Hamon- Sobelco Australia Pty Ltd (1988) 5 BPR 97325 (NSW CA), the postal rule is applicable to only for fax, telex and telephone. A prerequisite with respect to any electronic offers is how the offer looks or specifically its appearance. The intent or purpose comes as a secondary condition. The stress is upon how a man of reason would make out of the offer. The content of the homepage of a website or the language of the email can make contents of an offer. The intention becomes immaterial whether the web page creator actually wanted to make an offer or not or whether the email sender actually had the intent to make an offer or not. An acceptance to any such offer can result in a binding contract. This is very different from a traditional contract where the intention is of primordial importance. Here the appearance of the web content of email is enough to constitute offer and does not require further explanation from the maker of the content. However it has been noticed that distinction can be drawn between an offer and inviting someone to the offer. Contents in the webpage showing products and services with a price tag associated with them are more like inviting for buying. It is completely the choice of the buyer whether he or she chooses to be lured by the advertisement. If they are not, an offer does not exist at all. If they proceed to comply by the invitation the offer exists. Hence it is always advisable to retailers who display their wares online to show a disclaimer that the products are mere advertisement and an invitation and not direct offers. The terms and conditions to such invitations should also be mentioned along with such advertisements. In the case of Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathans Merchandise (Victoria) Ltd Pty Ltd (1957) it was observed that acceptance is not proper when the manner of conveying is not thought of by the offeror. The offer is made by the consumer. The contract becomes binding when the retailer shows acceptance to that offer by agreeing to sell the product or service at the agreed terms and conditions. There is a rule in postal services that contract gets formed when a letter is sent accepting the offer. This concept is discussed in the case of Adam v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. It is a classic old English case where it is discussed that acceptance actually happens when the acceptor of the offer sends his/her letter of acceptance through post. It is of primordial importance to ensure the time when the contract actually started. It is also essential to determine what law governs the formation of such contract. It has always been noticed that there is always an uncertain area regarding legal implicatio ns when one determines acceptance in case of internet contracts. In such cases it is necessary to determine how law has taken its stand in other types of communication. The most well known forms of other types of communications can be telegram, postal service, facsimile (fax) and telex. It is essential to determine the instances of acceptance in respect to all these types of communication- Telex- In the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp (1955)2 QBD 1327 the judge found out that the rules which apply to postal services were not much relevant in cases of telex services. The traditional rules of contract were more relevant in such cases which say that the contract comes into effect when the acceptance is received. The judge was also of the view that telex services were not similarly comparable to telegram and post. The difference that was drawn was that telex mode of communication was more spontaneous way of communicating. The earlier decision drew support in the case of Brinkibon v Stahag v Stahal (1983) 2 AC 34. Here the postal method was compared in respect to present day dynamism in technology. It was suggested that a flexible approach should have been taken. In telex, the messages were not bound to reach the chosen recipient at once since a plethora of issues result hindrances while transmission. Hence it was difficult to justify all case by using a single ru le. Emails- Email is considered as the most spontaneous form of communication. They are not very accurate since they get delayed in transit and the time taken for an email to reach is also uncertain. Emails do not get delivered for various reasons. Often the email reaches the recipient but stays the in the in- box unseen and unread for many time. The traditional rules of contract are similarly applicable for emails and acceptance is taken into cognizance when the email gets read rather than when it gets sent. This principle is discussed in details in the case of Nunin Holdings v Tullarmarine Estates (1994) 1VR 47at 83. In commercial contracts consideration is referred to goods delivered and money paid for the goods delivered. The preconditions of consideration are no impediment to invalidate internet contracts where products and money is in transit. However doubt is raised over click wrap agreements of having considerations. These refer to services where by clicking on a link of the webpage online services like shareware get delivered. Courts usually refuse to consider such products or free software as genuine services and hence they negate the concept of consideration. There is always a legal relation created in any online commercial transaction though the notion is subject to review. The online retailer need not make much effort to prove that in case of refusal to pay by the customer, the presence of a contract. The customer must be made to go through procedures disallowing counter charge. Since there is little chance of one to one dealing, it is difficult to ensure legal capacity of the parties. Hence the parties to the contract have to fill online forms where every single detail of the parties are entered including identity proof validated by legal authorities. A concept must be pondered that whether a mistaken offer can be rescinded by the person offering. It is said that between the act of sending the offer and the recipient gaining knowledge of the offer, the offer can be cancelled. Even before the recipient provides acceptance, the offer can be rescinded. However once acceptance is given by the recipient, it is impossible to rescind the offer since the offer gets its acceptance and a contract is created. The present contract nuance can be found in the case of Mobil Oil Australia v Wellcome International Mobil Oil v Lyndel Nominees [1998] FCA 205; (1998) 81 FCR 475. Section 7 of the Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 {Act No.20/2000} speaks of legality of electronic retail system and validates them. There is always chance of clashes and disputes when contractual relation is created through electronic medium. They include money which is significant in nature. Often the disputes become litigation bound. In these cases the costs of filing the case and defending the case cross the actual value of the product or service. In these situations, the concept of alternative dispute resolution is always effective. The parties to the contract have the choice to avoiding litigation and may refer their dispute to arbitration, conciliation or mediation. The parties can appoint a middle person known as the referee who is equipped with the ability to solve difficult issues regarding legal related and technology related matters. They will also help to resolve the matter by curbing excessive expenditure and saving time. The most significant use of ADR was during disputes of Y2K which had large amount of money involved with it. The question is whether the concept of alternate dispute resolution will turn out to be a stable alternative for the e-commerce industry. It is predicted that ADR will play a significant role in the future of digitalisation. It play a pivotal role in tackling challenging new problems that will emerge from the use of internet for carrying transactions of commercial nature. There are existences of forums on the internet that provide ADR services who are a saviour to parties suffering from online frauds. They are suitable alternatives to lengthy court procedures where expenses exceed the value of the claim. It is seen that people who are well versed in e-commerce can act as mediators in alternative dispute resolution system. This system can be followed in ICANN Uniform domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. However certain issues rise when contracts are created through electronic medium. In maximum of the commercial electronic trade, there is only a single evidence of the contract which are the machine generated reports describing the trade details. However the problem that arises is that it is easy to tamper data stored in computer. The risk which the parties to the online trade face is that any other person can access to the trade data, change them or even delete them from the database without being caught. This becomes a grave concern when the documents are required in case any dispute pertaining to the trade. The evidence to the dispute will be destroyed and justice will be difficult to access. Hence it is the responsibility of the parties to the electronic transaction to ensure that information regarding the trade should be well secured. This could be done by electronically locking the computer with complex codes and passwords. Help can be secured from software experts to achieve t he same. So the biggest problem in a court is the evidentiary value of the computer created reports. It is very difficult to prove that the records are genuine because the content is insecure and can be easily accessed by third party hence making it vulnerable to tampering. There is way to avoid this serious issue. Digital Signature Technology is a helpful solution. It will cater to save the evidentiary worth of the documents and save the authenticity of them in courts. By the use of digital signature, a message or document is converted by the method of cryptography. This technology helps to clarify the authenticity of the information and validates the trueness of the signatory. It also helps the party to ensure that the particular document was sent by a particular person. If any nuance of the document digitally secured gets tampered, by verifying one will be able to understand that the document has been changed as it is digitally signed. It will also be ensured that the digital signature is not made by the original signatory. If any case of tampered records is discussed in courts, the court will reconsider the evidentiary value and excuse the glitch. Since the growth of technology is elevating tenfold, over a period of time digital signatures are losing the essence of security. The concept of contract formation by internet and other electronic medium is still in rising and is gaining popularity in all straights in life. However since the electronic space is insecure in nature, third party with technical skills can misappropriate the information available, it is essential to ensure appropriate safeguards to secure the authenticity of the documents so that they do not lose the evidentiary value in the courts of law. Bibliography The Effective Formation Of Contracts By Electronic Means(2016) .austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZCompuLawJl/2001/33.pdf Davidson, Alan,The Law Of Electronic Commerce(Cambridge University Press, 2009) Australian Government Review Of Australian Contract Law(2012) lawsociety.com.au https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/644777.pdf THE PAPERLESS CONTRACT(2015) www.nortongledhill.com.au https://www.nortongledhill.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Paperless-Contract.pdf E-Commerce | Attorney-General's Department(2016) Ag.gov.au https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Formation Of Contracts By Email Is It Just The Same As The Post?(2016) User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM https://file:///D:/User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM%20(1).pdf Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 Act No. 20/2000(2016) https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/ https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/ldms/pubstatbook.nsf/f932b66241ecf1b7ca256e92000e23be/f3176112f522da6bca256e5b00213e26/$FILE/00-020a.pdf

Recommendations Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Recommendations for Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction Supplier relationship is one of the major concerns for any organization, in which reseller organization buys products from the supplier in order to resell the products. Sourcing and selecting the right suppliers and maintaining strong relationship with them are the main priorities of the retail organizations towards successfully running the organizations (Islam et al., 2013). The organization that is chosen for this study is Popular Holdings, which is a distributer and retailers of books in the local education market. The scandal that this organization has faced was to choose their preferred suppliers depending on their personal relationship and not depending on the quality and price of the products of the suppliers, which led to huge negative reputation in the market and even distressed suppliers attention (de Souza et al., 2014). The study will represent issues related to supplier selection criteria of this organization. The study will recommend appropriate criteria to be applied in the supplier selection criteria of this organization. Through analyzing the importance of ICT in purchasing operation, the study will demonstrate ICT in improving the purchasing operation of the organization. Lastly, the study will also recommend appropriate tools to be considered in analyzing the cost of purchasing of this organization. Key Information of Popular Holdings Popular Holdings is a renowned Singapore based retail organization that is engaged in publishing, distributing and retails different kinds of books in the local market of Singapore (Popularworld - Home. 2016). The organization operates in international markets through their subsidiaries in those markets. The organization also provides assessment titles, stationary products and multimedia products. It is the largest bookstore within Southeast Asia that has almost 143 retail outlets in all over the world (Thai, 2013). The organization has multiple number of sources from which the organization get multimedia sources and stationary products. The organization also uses global suppliers in getting books like autobiography. The main competitors of this organization are MPH Group and Page one that also design and sells different type of books in the market of Singapore. The goal of the organization is to provide quality books and multimedia products to the customers and provide it at value f or money price. The strategy of this organization can be seen in provide all newly published books and e-learning facility to the overseas students. The organization offers their products at affordable price because they value for the money of the customers. Supplier Selection Criteria Issue Popular Holding Group sells books, multimedia products and stationary products to the customers. Though the organization publish their own books and sell it the local market, the organization needs suppler in getting various type of story books for the adult customers. Apart from that, the organization also needs audiovisual products to be supplied by the suppliers. In order to match the syllabus of student of different countries, the organization needs international suppliers, who will provide books by matching the syllabus of the students (Sohal Rahman, 2013). Furthermore, the organization is trying to expand its business through providing foods and beverages to the customers. Manufacturing of these kinds of products would need extra cost, which will be too costly in operating the business. Therefore, the organization needs supplies of readymade products that this organization resells to the customers. The purchasing goal of this organization is to get quality products from the supplier so that it can meet the demand of the customers properly. Apart from that, the goal of purchasing is also to get the products at lowest cost so that it can minimize the cost of organization. However, the organization uses multiple source suppliers for getting different types of products in all the different areas of their business. In this situation, the organization is becoming failed towards maintaining good relationship with all the suppliers. The organization is not able in efficiently prioritizing their existing suppliers as their product standard. Apart from that, the organization has lack of information communication technology towards providing authentic inventory information to the global suppliers. Therefore, the suppliers are becoming failed in providing products timely and according to the needs of the organization. Lack of ability of the organization in prioritizing the supplier sometim es leads to wrong selection in terms of costly suppliers that increases the cost of the organization. Figure 1: Supply risk and impact on value (Source: Watanuki, 2015) Appropriate Criteria and Decision in supplier selection Cost analyzing Cost analyzing of the suppliers should be one of the prime activities of Popular Holdings in selecting the suppliers from local as well as from global markets. The organization should look at the competitive pricing of the suppliers and thus, choose such supplier only who provides products at lowest cost so that cost of company is minimized (Fernie Sparks, 2014). The organization should also analyze the financial stability of the organization towards selecting right suppliers out of many suppliers. Quality and safety Not only should the price of the suppliers, but also Popular Holdings incorporate quality of the products of suppliers before purchasing the products from their suppliers. The organization sometimes faces quality issue due to immediate selection of suppliers and therefore, they do not get time for analyzing the quality of the products. In this way, the poor quality of the products may disappoint the customers by decreasing the customer value. The organization should maintain a safety standard for their product to be sold to the customers, so the purchasing manager should follow those standard in choosing the suppliers. Delivery Due to global selection business, the organization has to select suppliers globally. The organization has to select those suppliers only who will be able to timely deliver the products to the customers. This will increase the value of the products to the organization through keeping its time value. Service Popular Holdings should select the suppliers based on the ability of the suppliers in providing service on the products provided to the organization. If the products come from the supplier seems to have any issues, they should take it in return through promising to provide right products (Dyckhoff, Lackes Reese, 2013). Convenience The ways, the suppliers would provide the products, should be in convenient way. The organization should select the suppliers based on their convenience in providing the products. The organization should choose only those suppliers that use right vehicles towards providing timely delivery of products to the customers. Risk evaluation In order to evaluate the feasibility of the supplier selection, an organization has to evaluate the risk associated with it (Monczka et al., 2015). Popular Holdings should track all the records associated with the suppliers in identifying the risk with them and accordingly minimizing the risk through selecting right suppliers. Purchasing Management Concept for ICT According to Musso and Risso, (2013), the concerned organization has to effectively deal with both inbound and outbound logistics, which will eventually enhance the firms distribution system. On the other hand, Frehe and Teuteberg, (2014) pointed out that ICT tools help in centralizing and communicating with the suppliers in real time basis, which helps in improving the lead time management. Information communication technology (ICT) tools are highly important for accessing relevant and important information on time for getting competitive advantage over the competitor organizations (Frehe Teuteberg, 2014). ICT tools will help the Popular Holdings in interacting with different other organization in terms of supply chain management through efficient data sharing, exchange of data in high speed towards meeting customer demands. Using ICT tool the organization will be able to provide timely information to the supplier organizations and thus, they will be able to provide timely delivery of the products to the customers. Apart from that, the ICT tools facilitate the organization in communicating authentic information about the inventory to the suppliers so that they can supply right amount of products to the organization (Fadiya et al., 2015). It will improve the purchasing operation of the organization through minimizing the waste of products due to overburden of supplied p roducts. ICT Tools Bar Code Tool Bar Code readers will be effectively useful in implementing automatic data capture system, which improves the accuracy and speed of data entry in the computers (Musso Risso, 2013). It will also improve in counting the raw materials stored in the inventory and count the finished goods. Thus, it will improve in accessing the exact amount of products needed from the suppliers. Apart from that, the bar code reader tools also can record the purchasing requirement of the organization 5 to 7 times quicker than the normal employees of the organization can, and thus, it would reduce the labor cost of the organization and increase the reliability of the organization in assuming demand of products to be purchased from suppliers. ICT tools also communicate the right motto of the organization with the supplier so that the supplier can provide products by meeting all the requirements of the customers. RFID ICT tool RFID ICT tool will facilitate Popular Holdings in bulk reading of organizational inventory. This technology will also help the organization in tracing the products throughout the process of supply chain management. ICT tools also help in reducing the cost of the supply chain management as it reduces the labor cost due to bulk reading of information of the organizational products (Tan et al., 2012). Purchasing Cost Analysis The concerned organization is not following centralized procurement technique and therefore redundancy of raw materials is quite evident. On the other hand, the organization is not well equipped with real time inventory monitoring through e-technology. The organization follows traditional inventory management techniques and therefore, the system is not proven to be up-to-date (Santos et al., 2016). The organization is basically multi-source based retail outlet, which is not completely aware of allocating and disintegrating its updated inventory. Therefore, in terms of corporate sustainability and minimizing wastage of procurement, the organization needs to incorporate certain techniques for purchasing cost analysis. Purchase Cost Techniques Cost Analysis An organization needs to analyze preliminary the actual cost to purchase regarding the good that needs to be supplied (Chen Guo, 2015). This is because cost is related to storage, handling and delivery. The organization needs to centralize the types of sources of supply so that handling cost does not exceed further in terms of human resource. The actual cost of procurement is consisted of cost of supplies and cost of handling, where the later must not exceed more than 7 percent than the earlier (Simchi-Levi et al., 2013). Maverick Spending An organization that follows purchase requisition procedure, it eventually increases the cost of procurement (Fayard et al., 2012). Therefore, it is required for the organization to take care of the type of inventory management and implement ad hoc purchase technique in future. The maverick purchases will be identified and filtered out that will reduce the cost of procurement. Centralized Warehousing The organization follows multisource supply and therefore, each of the inventories is categorized. This has increased the purchasing cost for the organization. Therefore, it is recommended that the organization have to reduce the cost of purchasing by centralizing its warehousing so that handling cost is reduced. Activity Based Costing An organization needs to follow activity based costing so that the consumption cost of actual supplies is reduced (Kang, 2015). The cost of each day has to be organized in terms of concurrent activities, so that the final cost of handling inventory is reduced, which will be same for Popular Holdings. Bidding System The concerned organization has expanded from the past to a large extent and therefore, it has created good reputation in the market. Therefore, in order to reduce purchasing cost, it needs to follow bidding technique, where the lowest bid will be granted. The supplier with lowest cost will be granted and it will reduce the cost of inventory. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Popular Holdings has multiple source of suppliers and they are unable to maintain strong relationship with the suppliers. On the other hand, due to global sourcing of suppler, the organization is unable to provide timely information to them and prioritizing the suppliers. However, the organization can be able to mitigate this supplier selection issues through adopting appropriate supplier selection criteria. The organization will choose those suppliers, who will be able to provide quality products in timely manners with lowest price. In order to maintain consistent relationship with the suppliers, Popular Holdings should incorporate ICT tools in improving purchasing operation of the organization. ICT tool like bar code reader will facilitate the organization in automatic counting of raw materials in the inventory and accordingly place order of purchasing to suppliers. On the other hand, RFID would facilitate the organization in recordin g bulk information about the purchasing of the organization in shortest possible time. Purchasing cost analysis tools would facilitate the organization in prioritizing the suppliers to be selected in terms of cost benefit analysis. In order to analyze purchase cost, the organization should use centralized warehouse system that will keep record of each of the inventory of the organization. Activity based costing will reduce the give an accurate estimation of overall cost. References Chen, L., Guo, Z. (2015, September). Logistics Cost Control Performance Evaluation of Third Party Logistics Enterprises. InFifth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. de Souza, R., Goh, M., Lau, H. C., Ng, W. S., Tan, P. S. (2014). Collaborative urban logisticssynchronizing the last mile a Singapore research perspective.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,125, 422-431. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R., Reese, J. (Eds.). (2013).Supply chain management and reverse logistics. Springer Science Business Media. Fadiya, O., Georgakis, P., Chinyio, E., Nwagboso, C. (2015). Decision-making framework for selecting ICT-based construction logistics systems. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology,13(2), 260-281. Fayard, D., Lee, L. S., Leitch, R. A., Kettinger, W. J. (2012). Effect of internal cost management, information systems integration, and absorptive capacity on inter-organizational cost management in supply chains. Accounting, Organizations and Society,37(3), 168-187. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Frehe, V., Teuteberg, F. (2014). The Role of ICT in Green Logistics: A Systematic Literature Review. InInformation Technology in Environmental Engineering(pp. 53-65). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Islam, D. M. Z., Meier, J. F., Aditjandra, P. T., Zunder, T. H., Pace, G. (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), 3-16. Kang, M. (2015). Activity-based Costing Research on Enterprise Logistics Cost Management.Business and Management Research,4(2), p18. Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Musso, F., Risso, M. (2013). ICT Innovation for Buyer-Seller Relationships in International Supply Chains. InDriving the Economy through Innovation and Entrepreneurship(pp. 659-670). Springer India. Popularworld - Home. (2016). Popularworld.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.popularworld.com/en/index.php Santos, T. F. D., Gonalves, A. T. P., Leite, M. S. A. (2016). Logistics cost management: insights on tools and operations.International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management,23(2), 171-188. Simchi-Levi, D., Chen, X., Bramel, J. (2013).The logic of logistics: theory, algorithms, and applications for logistics management. Springer Science Business Media. Sohal, A. S., Rahman, S. (2013). Use of third party logistics services: an Asia-Pacific perspective. InHandbook of Global Logistics(pp. 45-67). Springer New York. Tan, M. I. I., Razali, R. N., Desa, M. I. (2012). Factors influencing ICT adoption in halal transportations: A case study of Malaysian halal logistics service providers.International Journal of Computer Science Issues,9(1), 62-71. Thai, V. V. (2013). Logistics service quality: conceptual model and empirical evidence.International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications,16(2), 114-131. Watanuki, M. (2015). Review of logistics service regulations for freight forwarding businesses: what should be addressed for a better logistics regulatory framework?.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7401).

The Benefits of Using a Formalist Essay Sample

The Benefits of Using a Formalist Essay SampleIt is a good idea to use a formalist essay sample for essay writing. Not only can this help you achieve an overall standard of excellent essay writing, but it will also help you develop a better writing style for your own personal projects. In fact, many students who have used formalist essays have written more effectively after their usage. Why?A formalist essay sample is generally the kind of essay that has a uniform, consistent structure. The sentences are clear and the content rich and meaningful. And it is so because the writers included lots of supporting information that has been well structured. The reader gets a sense of organization that allows them to get a solid grasp of the essay, which may make them focus on certain aspects in the essay.Many students think that using a formalist essay sample is only going to be just another way to use cop-outs. But this is just not true. Sometimes when writers write poorly, they will resort to vague or generalizations in their essay. This, too, can be corrected with a well-organized essay sample. After all, there is nothing wrong with referring to the established structure.Many students who work on academic essay, for example, might find that they sometimes don't know exactly what to do when they come across a particular term or concept. Sometimes, they are uncertain how to proceed with it, and they may start researching it on their own. This leads to a more fragmented and disorganized essay.A formalist essay sample allows you to use one term or concept throughout the whole essay. You can refer to it in different ways. This is a good strategy for you to avoid drifting off into unrelated tangents. Also, with the introduction of a structure, there will be fewer problems with unifying the various ideas and concepts in the essay.One good thing about using a formalist essay sample is that you can really improve your writing skills. Since your attention is focused on a singl e concept at a time, you can devote more time to practicing and refining your skills. And most importantly, since you are writing about a particular topic, it will also be easier for you to identify your gaps and problems.A well planned essay will also allow you to discuss your topics in a more systematic and logical way. You will be able to describe things clearly, without having to struggle to remember what you should be including in your essay. This can also help you to avoid writing haphazardly.You will also be able to determine the proper way to address your readers. For example, it might be best to put the emphasis on one particular point that your readers need to be aware of. If you use a formalist essay sample, you will be able to get this right, ensuring that your audience is given the attention they need.

Why Credit Companies Target College Students

Introduction This paper discusses why credit card companies should not market to college students .The culture of spending has become an important shaper of societal approach towards money and is now a widespread way of life in colleges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Credit Companies Target College Students? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a bid to get more customers, the credit card companies target college students, and to do this, they employ assertive marketing techniques in order to attract students. College students have been raised in homes where money acquired through credit is used without inhibitions (Ritzer 1995).Since credit is available easily, students tend to overspend. College students now have easier access to credit than any earlier generations. However, the use of credit cards and the debts that is a consequence of cards have become an increasingly monetary threat to students. Todayâ €™s credit card companies are getting outrageously ridiculous with their marketing ideas and strategies. Many of their strategies are pointed towards people who are more likely to be irresponsible. The one strategy I would like to talk to you about and my opinion about it is credit card companies should not be on campus marketing to college students. Why credit companies target college students One point of view to this is that credit card companies target college students because many of them are young. Younger people are most likely naive and do not spend their money wisely. They would use a credit card for everything and maybe let the balance pile up and only pay the minimum. This would make the interest pile up and when they did pay their bill, most of the payment would be going towards the interest. This would be making the credit card companies more money. Another point of view would be that maybe credit card companies think that if people are smart enough to go to college that maybe they are really smart with their money and are completely in control of their financial status. Maybe the companies view it as a place to pick up some continuous valued customers. I got that point of view when I asked my mother to read what I was writing and that was her point of view! I do see her point of view as a valuable opinion and I enjoyed her criticism of the topic. But let me tell you some of the facts and things that I have learned while studying this argument.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a report from trueCredit.com students graduate from collage while being indebted to credit companies for significant amounts This report further indicates that ten percent of undergraduates graduate with thousand of dollars as loans. After finishing your studies it’s a night mare for you to start thinking of paying debt to credit cards companies. It†™s more than enough for a twenty year old to think of how he will pay school loans, utilities and rent if he used them and how he will support himself in life. There will be bills to be paid every month and other additional debt, for example, car loan. That is already a lot of concerns that must handled by a young student. Prior to going to college, a student should employ some fundamental principles to avoid falling into the debt trap. These are some interesting facts I learned from an author named Latoya Irby. She was also interested in this argument. I learned a lot from her. Students who are in college are the main target of credit companies. This is so because of several rationales: They expect the credit accrued from the cards will be cleared by the student’s parents. Students face many years of clearing the debt. Companies go even further to give credit to students who have no security. For illustration, a student can have access to credit without any security being required. This proves that they are out for blood so to speak. They prey upon young people and try to get them hooked and sucked into the system. I think it is sad that this is allowed to go on, especially in a place where we go to better ourselves. Of all places a school is not a place that these types of things should be happening. Attitude of college students toward credit card usage The change of outlook towards money has become an essential means for the broadening of the college student’s consumer habits. Findings intimate that the resultant attitudes towards money: â€Å"power, prestige, distrust, and anxiety† (Yamauchi and Templer 1982) are linked to purchases that are compulsive, whereby the use of credit cards averages these correlations. Studies entailing a wide range of adult consumers revealed that approximately 1%-6% fall under the category of buyers that are compulsive. When Faber and O’Guinn’s (1992) â€Å"clinical screener for compulsi ve buying† is used to examine the respondents, 6% of questioned college students are deemed to use money for purchases out of compulsion. As a result, the indicators point to the need for an enhanced comprehension of the attitude towards making purchases of college students. Some factors, that include: psychological and socio-economic influences are the main contributors of the attitudes towards the use of credit cards. When buying trends of college students are analyzed, a sentimental attitude towards credit and gender were the main affecters of the students’ decision to use (or not use) credit for purchases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Credit Companies Target College Students? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This sentimental attitude towards credit affected how clothes, entertainment, gasoline, travel and food (that is not home made) were bought. Females made more purchases of clothes, wh ile males made more purchases of electronics and entertainment related goods. Females were found to have made purchases that followed the principles of economics more than males. Conclusion According to a press release statement of the American Consumer Federation, when the credit card debt and study loans of a student are added, the total is approximately $20,000. Consequently the debts of the student that has attended college may exceed those of the populace that has not attended collage which means that students who use credit cards will be burdened with severe financial concerns later on in life. This paper has discussed how credit accrued by students while still in college has significant consequences on their future monetary health. This paper concludes that credit companies should not market to college students, so as not induce students to undertake debts unnecessarily which would lead to a long-term financial burden. References Faber and O’Guinn. 1992. â€Å"A Clini cal Screener for Compulsive Buying†. Journal of Consumer Research, 19:459–469. Ritzer, G. 1995. Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society, Thousand Oaks , CA : Pine Forge Press. Yamauchi, K. and D. Templer 1982. â€Å"The Development of a Money Attitudes Scale†. Journal of Personality Asses This essay on Why Credit Companies Target College Students? was written and submitted by user AlexWilder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis is the most common disease of the central nervous system. In the United States alone, there are at least 250,000 cases. For reasons that remain unclear, it is more prevalent in northern temperate zones and affects noticeably more women than men. The average age of onset is thirty years. These areas of sclerosis also referred to as lesions or plaques, occur in the white matter of the central nervous system. Gray matter consists primarily of nerve cells. Axons (nerve fibers) are the connections between the cell body and the muscles, sensory organs, and primary organs such as the heart. These nerve cells are the communication system both within the central nervous system and between it and the rest of the body. Axons are sheathed in myelin, a white substance that insulates them and speeds transmission of impulses along the cell fibers. Electrical impulses move along the nerve fiber to the synapse to the next nerve cell. Symptoms of MS vary enormously, both from patient to patient and, over time, in one patient. Symptoms may include tingling, pins and needles, numbness, double or blurred vision, clumsiness of fine movements or of walking, frequency and urgency of urination, muscle weakness and spasms, pain or paralysis, in coordination, and mood or thought disturbances. Patients sometimes do not have the ability do to carry on normal daily activities. Motor symptoms include weakness, spasticity, loss of balance or in coordination, and speech disorders. Sensory symptoms include pins and needles, tingling, feelings of tightness or solidity and, sometimes, sharp pains. Visual symptoms include blurred or double vision, involuntary eye movements, and, on occasion, blindness, which is almost always temporary. Urinary symptoms are common, as are frequent urinary tract infections. Energy problems include a lack of energy, easy fatigability, and lack of endurance, particularly in the presence of heat and humidity. Heat and hu... Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis is the most common disease of the central nervous system. In the United States alone, there are at least 250,000 cases. For reasons that remain unclear, it is more prevalent in northern temperate zones and affects noticeably more women than men. The average age of onset is thirty years. These areas of sclerosis also referred to as lesions or plaques, occur in the white matter of the central nervous system. Gray matter consists primarily of nerve cells. Axons (nerve fibers) are the connections between the cell body and the muscles, sensory organs, and primary organs such as the heart. These nerve cells are the communication system both within the central nervous system and between it and the rest of the body. Axons are sheathed in myelin, a white substance that insulates them and speeds transmission of impulses along the cell fibers. Electrical impulses move along the nerve fiber to the synapse to the next nerve cell. Symptoms of MS vary enormously, both from patient to patient and, over time, in one patient. Symptoms may include tingling, pins and needles, numbness, double or blurred vision, clumsiness of fine movements or of walking, frequency and urgency of urination, muscle weakness and spasms, pain or paralysis, in coordination, and mood or thought disturbances. Patients sometimes do not have the ability do to carry on normal daily activities. Motor symptoms include weakness, spasticity, loss of balance or in coordination, and speech disorders. Sensory symptoms include pins and needles, tingling, feelings of tightness or solidity and, sometimes, sharp pains. Visual symptoms include blurred or double vision, involuntary eye movements, and, on occasion, blindness, which is almost always temporary. Urinary symptoms are common, as are frequent urinary tract infections. Energy problems include a lack of energy, easy fatigability, and lack of endurance, particularly in the presence of heat and humidity. Heat and hu...

Kefauver-Harris Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kefauver-Harris Amendment - Essay Example 127-128). The communal protest caused by the Thalidomide calamity near the beginning of 1960s hastily directed to the road of new set of laws and an unusual sentiment regarding untried drugs. In an attempt to stop happening one more analogous tragedy at the rear of the Thalidomide mishap, the U.S. Parliament, in 1962, passed the Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment, ordering austere controls on drug checking, promotion and selling. The edict asserted for the first time that hottest drugs must be made known to be helpful before being advertised. In addition, it proposed stringent regulations for sound engineering practices, the intention being to augment quality control in the manufacturing route. The new codes would step up to transform not only the approach Americans participated in drug experiments but also their anticipations for the safety of drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment conceded collectively by the Congress to strengthened control over recommended and unproven drugs and to make certain greater drug protection. It was acknowledged that no drug is actually harmless unless it is also effectual. Before publicizing a drug, its manufacturers now had to demonstrate to FDA not just safety, but also provide considerable verification of effectiveness for the product's future utilization -- a milestone proceed in medical record.