Research Papers For Research Schools

Research Papers For Research SchoolsThe same way you can buy research papers for cash for college students, you can also buy research papers for research colleges. Research college papers are also referred to as BSc (Bachelor of Science) papers, BA (Master of Arts) papers and PhD (Doctorate of Philosophy) papers. These papers are normally given as general assignments in an academic program at a school or university and can be presented either for credit or as a dissertation.These papers must have good writing skills and must be able to handle complex concepts in a simple manner. The objective of the research paper is to present some research results or facts or even ideas that were collected and presented in a more detailed manner. The essay should also follow certain format that is common to the discipline.Some papers are written for external judges that consider the person's merit for their chosen profession. However, some of the subjects that are taught in colleges can also be inc luded as an objective in the research papers. The objective of the research essay should include the method, procedure, as well as the particular research or the research topic in a more detailed manner.Research papers also include facts and data that were gathered from a specific geographical location. In fact, there are different types of projects that will require specific subject matter that is based on a particular geographic area. Some of the categories include: regional studies, social studies, geography, international relations, etc. All of these subjects can be covered in the essay and presented in a more detailed manner.The research papers are usually categorized based on the topic of the project that is being done. Some topics may differ from each other depending on the type of society that a particular student belongs to. The essay will also contain some details of a particular school or institution which means that the essay is meant to help a student who is going to be the recipient of the research paper and the university.BSc or B.Sc. is one of the major college degrees that are available for each college. In fact, the B.Sc. degree is only granted for a maximum of four years after graduation. This degree is given only to students who graduated from a college which has at least fifteen degrees of Bachelor of Science or greater. These degrees are basically different from Bachelor of Science in some respects.There are also Bachelor of Science degrees which are awarded by universities to students who have finished the program with a good degree in the field of science. Such degrees are awarded to students who were awarded a high grade in a national exam or a national study. The Bachelor of Science degree is not limited to a particular institution or school and can be awarded in many other institutions or schools.

Lolita And The Dark Tower - 1384 Words

My first thought was, he lied in every word, That hoary cripple, with malicious eye Askance to watch the working of his lie On mine, and mouth scarce able to afford Suppression of the glee, that pursed and scored Its edge, at one more victim gained thereby. (lines 1-6) Nabokov’s character Humbert Humbert from Lolita is perfectly described in this stanza from Robert Browning’s â€Å"Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came.† Nabokov compares Humbert to many poets throughout Lolita. Humbert likens himself to a Romantic poet with the intent of rationalizing his crime of pedophilia as an artistic endeavor. To Humbert, in particular, life really does imitate art. Art also imitates life. Nabokov created the character of Humbert in the image of Edgar Allan Poe. Humbert’s life as a character closely resembles Poe’s literary works of art, and Nabokov’s art, the character of Humbert in Lolita, bears an interesting resemblance to Poe’s true life. Edgar Allan Poe married his aunt’s daughter Virginia, who at age thirteen was seven years his junior. Poe’s aunt also happened to be his landlady at the time (Lepore). In the same way, Humbert started an explicit relationship with Charlotte’s daughter, Dolores, age thirteen, after Charlotte’s death. Charlotte was Humbert’s landlady. This is an example of art imitating life. Humbert fancies himself a poet with discerning taste in â€Å"nymphets,† which excuses his preference for young girls because they are subhuman devils. HumbertShow MoreRelated Lust, Loss, and Immorality in the Little Mermaid Essay1866 Words   |  8 Pageschildhood. At the onset of the story, the sea kingdom is described: â€Å"where the waters are as blue as the petals of the cornflower and as clear as glass, there, where no anchor can reach the bottom,† and where â€Å"[one] would have to pile many church towers on top of each other† in order to reac h the surface (Andersen 217). The sea describes the deep consciousness of the Little Mermaid as a young child, which is characterized by emotion, beauty, imagination, purity and innocence - representative successively

Analysis Of Alan Moore And Dave Gibbon s Gives Us A Peak...

In Watchmen, Alan Moore and Dave Gibbon’s gives us a peak of what a world would be like with costumed heroes. The story questions the definition of a hero and their limitations. The graphic novel breaks down the genre by focusing on characters who only appear as heroes. The idea of vigilantism, violence, sense of justice, and gender are all examined in the lens of this apocalyptic and utopian world. When we think of superheroes, who do we normally picture? Most of us will probably think of Superman who embodies the traits of a hero and even has the word â€Å"super† in his name. These superheroes that we think of are often symbols of power, justice, and freedom. Although not all heroes have these attributes, one of the key aspects of being a hero is their virtue. These heroes were created with an immense sense of morality. Particularly, Watchmen reverses this moral belief. It is consistently reminding us that in a real world with actual people that they will make mistak es or considered as villains. This holds true for everyone, even for the heroes in the book because under their costumes they are humans as well, with the exception of Dr. Manhattan. For example, Edward Blake represents a lack of remorse and is often depicted as someone who enjoys the act of killing. When he refuses to take responsibility for impregnating a woman he met during his time in Vietnam, she slashes him across the face with a broken bottle (Chapter 2, Page 15, Panel 2). Blake retaliates by shootingShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesthe world? How can companies renew and sustain those factors in the face of the business slowdowns and major fluctuations that challenge the longterm continuation of profitable earnings? As we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in whic h organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will

Terrorism A Defining Moment in Our Recent History

As an American living in the 21st century, terrorism has been a defining moment in our recent history. It has shaped the foreign policies of many nations, changed the way society has viewed violence and created debates about national security. Yet, it is only recently that terrorism has gone global. The history of terrorism is rooted in its use by revolutionaries and governments, its influence on domestic affairs and the various methods used to instill fear and control. But since the end of the Cold War and more importantly after September 11, 2001, terrorism has been used by organizations to exert political and extreme religious agendas across the globe using new tactics with the advancement of technology The end result of World War I created revolutionary groups that would start the terrorism of the â€Å"revolutionary party.† The two most important groups were called the Bolsheviks in Russia and the Nazis in Germany. The men enlisted in these groups mostly consisted of veterans of World War I, the experience and expertise these veterans provided proved to be useful when they took power. Both the Bolsheviks and Nazi used terror and intimidation through the use of different state organizations to take control over the population and country. The three organizations the Bolsheviks used were the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Red Army, and the Cheka (secret police). With the rise of the Communist Party, the Bolsheviks gained control of the domestic politicalShow MoreRelatedThe Changes Our Country Has Gone through After 9-111591 Words   |  6 Pagesposition to analyze many of the changes that our country has gone through since the terror attacks of September 11, 2001. While the majority of college students today were not even teenagers yet, in 2001 I was already a ripe old age of 25. I remember that day clearly and all of the feelings and emotions that came along with learning the awful truth of what had happened. That day is one of the most defining moments in our history. In the following years, our country has changed drastically in many waysRead MoreThe Attacks on September 11th 20012061 Words   |  9 PagesSeptember 11th of 2001 is a day in history that will be remembered forever. What was first thought to be a freak accident turned into a horrific nightmare for our country, America was under attack. On the morning of the attacks a group of al Qaeda terrorists took control of four commercial jetliners headed to California and purposively crashed two into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The last plane fell into a Pennsylvania field never reaching its final destination, The White House. TheseRead MoreEffects of Iranian Hostage Crisis1853 Words   |  8 Pageseffects on the political environment of the United States, including the negative influence on the 1980 presidential election, complete destruction of diplomatic US- Iran relations, and the establishment of a precedent for foreign, anti-American terrorism as an effective strategy against the US. It’s debatable whether President Jimmy Carter would have won the election of 1980 if the Iranian Hostage Crisis never happened. However, even the most profound of historians know that the conflict with IranRead MoreAn Analysis of Terrorism Essay9824 Words   |  40 PagesAn Analysis of Terrorism On September 11, 2001, every person was stunned with the earth shaking news that the World Trade Center (WTC), the highest building in the world was attacked by terrorist. This was done by hi-jacking two commercial airplanes which plowed the two famous sites. More than 5,000 American was feared dead. This was the most recent and most devastating terrorist act that brought terrorism into the timelight. Terrorism is a term of uncertain legal content. The term itselfRead MorePersonal Privacy or National Security2424 Words   |  10 PagesPersonal Privacy or National Security William Shelton ENG122: English Composition Prof. Lisa Clark August 7, 2012 Defining National Security VS Personal Privacy is a matter of looking at the basic nature of each. From research collected there is a consensus that we need balance. Too much of one hurts the other and vise versa. There are a couple of articles that range from Civil Liberties to the birth of public right to know that support the overall claim. Talks about the effects of censorshipRead MoreA Study Of Warfare During The Modern Era4626 Words   |  19 Pagesto existing forces. As the world devolves into nations with less clear borders than perhaps any time in recent military history with the closest example being the 100 years war in Europe and finds itself possessing of enemies that heretofore have been much easier to classify there is a distinct change arising in the face of war. If one thinks back to the classic wars of recent U.S. history one can see clearly defined lines of this nation verses that nation and here are the bad guys and here isRead MoreSocio Economic Problems of Pakistan2655 Words   |  11 PagesSheikh Outline: Introduction: †¢ A problem-free society; desire of every individual †¢ Defining social and economic problems †¢ Why they are a menace? A. Social Problems †¢ Problems at the time of separation grew with the passage of time †¢ The current scenario a. Poor law and order situation b. Poverty c. Illiteracy d. Corruption e. Unemployment f. Child Labour B. Economic Problems †¢ Power crises and war on terrorism, root of basic economic problems †¢ Loss of MNCs business †¢ Tumbling stock market †¢ UnprecedentedRead MoreThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17827 Words   |  72 PagesAct and anti-terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed? David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000 EuropeanRead MoreThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17817 Words   |  72 PagesAct and anti-terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed? David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000 EuropeanRead MoreA National Security Strategy for the Philippines7627 Words   |  31 Pagesfor contingency planning for the defense of the Philippines. Growing out of World War II and the Commonwealth era the Filipino nation became an independent Republic. The scope of the National Defense Act of 1935, therefore, became inadequate the moment we became a sovereign nation and became increasingly so as we continued to mature. The body of literature on national security points to the fact that it is a complex and multidimensional entity. It must be based on the national principles embodied

Was Roosevelt responsible for Pearl Harbour - 2228 Words

Was President Franklin D Roosevelt responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour? On December 7, 1941 the infamous bombing of Pearl Harbour by the Japanese took place, but who was really responsible? Many historians lay the blame with President Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR), citing his approach to the war as antagonistic and inciting a Japanese attack. This report however will highlight that the Japanese were the real antagonises, deliberately and purposely attacking the United States (US), United Kingdom and Holland, and Pearl Harbour was but a pawn in their war plan, thus alleviating FDR of the historical responsibility bequeathed to him over the last 70 years. The key elements within this review focus on Japans Pacific War plans, FDRs†¦show more content†¦They had also issued radar equipment able to detect planes up to 100 miles away, in darkness, storm or daylight and advised that war was imminent and reconnaissance should be undertaken. They had no idea the war had already begun and in 11 days time America would be on the forefront of a Japanese attack. The notice for an attack would come via an intercepted transmission on December 6 to the Japanese Ambassador detailing a secretive 14 part message due to be transmitted and when advised, given to the American authorities. 13 parts were received and deciphered before midnight on December 6. Those 13 parts contained a history from Japans perspective on what had happened in the war thus far and how they felt about it. Part 14, the most important part, was received by the decoders at 4am on December 7. By 10am they had deciphered and sent it to President Roosevelt. At 10.30am an addition to the message was received. It detailed that the message was to be handed over by the Ambassador at 1pm that afternoon. This also happened to be the time for the first attack however no location was given. Henry L Stimson the Former Secretary of War as recorded in What Happened at Pearl Harbour states the following regarding the MAGIC code: In very exceptional cases, they made no mention of their plans or movements to any of their embassies, so that, in these instances, there were no codes to decipher. The attack on Pearl Harbour was such a case (Ford,Show MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima1214 Words   |  5 Pages8:15 in the morning, a massive, mushroom cloud rose over Hiroshima, Japan killing more than 70,000 people. The first atomic bomb had been used in combat. Then on August 9, another bomb was sent in by the bomber Bock’s Car. It was originally supposed to go to the city of Kokura, but the weather was bad so it was redirected to Nagasaki killing 40,000 people. With the death tolls at around 129,000, Japan unconditionally surrendered several days later ending World War Two. Although, at the same timeRead MoreSnow Falling on Cedars1700 Words   |  7 Pagesaggressive wishes towards the Japanese man on trial, seen in his opposing position on the trial. Thus, the negative implications imposed on Horace through the environmental experiences of war have formulated his distinct hatred towards the individuals responsible for his trauma. Horace’s involvement in the war led to the development of his racist qualities coupled with his patriotism, â€Å"Horace indicated for Art Moran the blood that had clotted in the dura mater and the tear in it where the piece of brainRead MoreHow Did Ww2 Affect American Society?2554 Words   |  11 Pagesbased in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. In around just two hours, America suffered from approximately 3,435 casualties including 2,000 deaths. The shattering defeat cost the U.S, 8 battle ships and around 200 airplanes. The following day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. This was approved, and more than two years into the conflict, America had eventually fully committed to the war. December of 1941, fundamentally altered the United States and its role globally. Pearl Harbour changedRead MoreThe Outline Of The Second World War932 Words   |  4 Pagesinception, the atomic bomb was billed as unique. - President Franklin Roosevelt undertook the decision to build the atomic bomb in a manner much more complicated than simply following received assumptions. Prompted by warnings from scientists, and particularly from his advisers Bush and Conant, that Nazi Germany was well on the way to developing an atomic weapon, Stimson was alerted to the possibilities of the weapon on 6 November 1941, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December propelledRead MoreEssay on Japanese Internment After Pearl Harbor2441 Words   |  10 PagesOn December 7,1941 Japan raided the airbases across the islands of Pearl Harbour. The â€Å"sneak attack† targeted the United States Navy. It left 2400 army personnel dead and over a thousand Americans wounded. U.S. Navy termed it as â€Å"one of the great defining moments in history†1 President Roosevelt called it as â€Å"A Day of Infamy†. 2 As this attack shook the nation and the Japanese Americans became the immediate ‘fo cal point’. At that moment approximately 112,000 Persons of Japanese descent resided inRead MoreAmerican Isolationism Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1920’s, the economy of America was thriving. The First World War had created new jobs and industries; members of society, such as women, were becoming more profound in society and their roles were becoming redefined. The United States was emerging as the industrial giant of the world. To protect the American consumers from imported goods from Europe and encourage American products, the government of the United States imposed high tariffs. Essentially, the United States no longer desireRead More The Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Essay2620 Words   |  11 PagesThe Pearl Harbor Conspiracy In the early morning of December 7, 1941 the bombing of Pearl Harbor took place. There was a total of 2,403 Americans killed and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt knew of the attack and did nothing to stop it. He permitted Japan to carry on the attack. There is proof that the president knew of the attack months before it actually took place. He is directly responsible for the lives lost. The U.S. was warned by, at least, the governmentsRead More‘an Unnatural Alliance That Was Bound to Fall Apart After the Defeat of a Common Enemy’ – to What Extent Does This Statement Explain the Origins of the Cold War?1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthe alliance was almost certain to fall apart. It is almost an undeniable assumption that the alliance of the USSR and USA was, as historian Caroline Kennedy-Pipe says, it was an ‘alliance of desperation, not trust’, and thus it would appear one of convenience, rather than voluntarial. One of the more simplistic reasons for the alliance was the need to defeat a common enemy – by uniting, it would be both easier and more efficient to work together to achieve a common goal. Stalin was afraid of GermanRead MoreEssay about Why we dropped the Atomic Bomb2543 Words   |  11 PagesWhy we dropped the Atomic Bomb The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945 was a definite turning point in the Pacific War of World War II. Earlier that year, Germany had been defeated and the world then turned its attention to the Pacific war. Most history books state the argument that the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan was necessary to stop the war in order to save thousands of lives of American troops that were planning to invade Japan. Had theRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many historians believe that the gove rnment and military spending restimulated

Electronic Data Interchange or EDI

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. Answer: Introduction: Electronic form of making contract has been in vogue for last many years. Earlier they were made with respect to Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. They were privately dealt with and were subject to charges entailed to them. The service providers catered to specific organisations that had their prerogatives for very specific purposes. They were usually done for communication purposes between the manufacturer, wholesaler and the retailer. It simplified the efforts taken by these individuals to make arrangements for trade. In absence of such services, there would be unnecessary burden of paperwork. However this service is limited to people who have long lasting relationship. Then only EDI subsists without impediments. These are established in traditional conceptualisation of contract but may not be apt in the virtual world of trade. The traders, who intend to enter into business through internet, must understand the nuances which are required and the process by which electronic forms of contract are formed. The following things are to be present in the elements of electronic contracts An offer which is basically desire for making an agreement on the basis of certain conditions being fulfilled. It can be made through almost all possible modes of communication. It can be through telephone discussions or through electronic mails. In the case of Reese Bros Plastics Ltd v Hamon- Sobelco Australia Pty Ltd (1988) 5 BPR 97325 (NSW CA), the postal rule is applicable to only for fax, telex and telephone. A prerequisite with respect to any electronic offers is how the offer looks or specifically its appearance. The intent or purpose comes as a secondary condition. The stress is upon how a man of reason would make out of the offer. The content of the homepage of a website or the language of the email can make contents of an offer. The intention becomes immaterial whether the web page creator actually wanted to make an offer or not or whether the email sender actually had the intent to make an offer or not. An acceptance to any such offer can result in a binding contract. This is very different from a traditional contract where the intention is of primordial importance. Here the appearance of the web content of email is enough to constitute offer and does not require further explanation from the maker of the content. However it has been noticed that distinction can be drawn between an offer and inviting someone to the offer. Contents in the webpage showing products and services with a price tag associated with them are more like inviting for buying. It is completely the choice of the buyer whether he or she chooses to be lured by the advertisement. If they are not, an offer does not exist at all. If they proceed to comply by the invitation the offer exists. Hence it is always advisable to retailers who display their wares online to show a disclaimer that the products are mere advertisement and an invitation and not direct offers. The terms and conditions to such invitations should also be mentioned along with such advertisements. In the case of Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathans Merchandise (Victoria) Ltd Pty Ltd (1957) it was observed that acceptance is not proper when the manner of conveying is not thought of by the offeror. The offer is made by the consumer. The contract becomes binding when the retailer shows acceptance to that offer by agreeing to sell the product or service at the agreed terms and conditions. There is a rule in postal services that contract gets formed when a letter is sent accepting the offer. This concept is discussed in the case of Adam v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. It is a classic old English case where it is discussed that acceptance actually happens when the acceptor of the offer sends his/her letter of acceptance through post. It is of primordial importance to ensure the time when the contract actually started. It is also essential to determine what law governs the formation of such contract. It has always been noticed that there is always an uncertain area regarding legal implicatio ns when one determines acceptance in case of internet contracts. In such cases it is necessary to determine how law has taken its stand in other types of communication. The most well known forms of other types of communications can be telegram, postal service, facsimile (fax) and telex. It is essential to determine the instances of acceptance in respect to all these types of communication- Telex- In the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp (1955)2 QBD 1327 the judge found out that the rules which apply to postal services were not much relevant in cases of telex services. The traditional rules of contract were more relevant in such cases which say that the contract comes into effect when the acceptance is received. The judge was also of the view that telex services were not similarly comparable to telegram and post. The difference that was drawn was that telex mode of communication was more spontaneous way of communicating. The earlier decision drew support in the case of Brinkibon v Stahag v Stahal (1983) 2 AC 34. Here the postal method was compared in respect to present day dynamism in technology. It was suggested that a flexible approach should have been taken. In telex, the messages were not bound to reach the chosen recipient at once since a plethora of issues result hindrances while transmission. Hence it was difficult to justify all case by using a single ru le. Emails- Email is considered as the most spontaneous form of communication. They are not very accurate since they get delayed in transit and the time taken for an email to reach is also uncertain. Emails do not get delivered for various reasons. Often the email reaches the recipient but stays the in the in- box unseen and unread for many time. The traditional rules of contract are similarly applicable for emails and acceptance is taken into cognizance when the email gets read rather than when it gets sent. This principle is discussed in details in the case of Nunin Holdings v Tullarmarine Estates (1994) 1VR 47at 83. In commercial contracts consideration is referred to goods delivered and money paid for the goods delivered. The preconditions of consideration are no impediment to invalidate internet contracts where products and money is in transit. However doubt is raised over click wrap agreements of having considerations. These refer to services where by clicking on a link of the webpage online services like shareware get delivered. Courts usually refuse to consider such products or free software as genuine services and hence they negate the concept of consideration. There is always a legal relation created in any online commercial transaction though the notion is subject to review. The online retailer need not make much effort to prove that in case of refusal to pay by the customer, the presence of a contract. The customer must be made to go through procedures disallowing counter charge. Since there is little chance of one to one dealing, it is difficult to ensure legal capacity of the parties. Hence the parties to the contract have to fill online forms where every single detail of the parties are entered including identity proof validated by legal authorities. A concept must be pondered that whether a mistaken offer can be rescinded by the person offering. It is said that between the act of sending the offer and the recipient gaining knowledge of the offer, the offer can be cancelled. Even before the recipient provides acceptance, the offer can be rescinded. However once acceptance is given by the recipient, it is impossible to rescind the offer since the offer gets its acceptance and a contract is created. The present contract nuance can be found in the case of Mobil Oil Australia v Wellcome International Mobil Oil v Lyndel Nominees [1998] FCA 205; (1998) 81 FCR 475. Section 7 of the Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 {Act No.20/2000} speaks of legality of electronic retail system and validates them. There is always chance of clashes and disputes when contractual relation is created through electronic medium. They include money which is significant in nature. Often the disputes become litigation bound. In these cases the costs of filing the case and defending the case cross the actual value of the product or service. In these situations, the concept of alternative dispute resolution is always effective. The parties to the contract have the choice to avoiding litigation and may refer their dispute to arbitration, conciliation or mediation. The parties can appoint a middle person known as the referee who is equipped with the ability to solve difficult issues regarding legal related and technology related matters. They will also help to resolve the matter by curbing excessive expenditure and saving time. The most significant use of ADR was during disputes of Y2K which had large amount of money involved with it. The question is whether the concept of alternate dispute resolution will turn out to be a stable alternative for the e-commerce industry. It is predicted that ADR will play a significant role in the future of digitalisation. It play a pivotal role in tackling challenging new problems that will emerge from the use of internet for carrying transactions of commercial nature. There are existences of forums on the internet that provide ADR services who are a saviour to parties suffering from online frauds. They are suitable alternatives to lengthy court procedures where expenses exceed the value of the claim. It is seen that people who are well versed in e-commerce can act as mediators in alternative dispute resolution system. This system can be followed in ICANN Uniform domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. However certain issues rise when contracts are created through electronic medium. In maximum of the commercial electronic trade, there is only a single evidence of the contract which are the machine generated reports describing the trade details. However the problem that arises is that it is easy to tamper data stored in computer. The risk which the parties to the online trade face is that any other person can access to the trade data, change them or even delete them from the database without being caught. This becomes a grave concern when the documents are required in case any dispute pertaining to the trade. The evidence to the dispute will be destroyed and justice will be difficult to access. Hence it is the responsibility of the parties to the electronic transaction to ensure that information regarding the trade should be well secured. This could be done by electronically locking the computer with complex codes and passwords. Help can be secured from software experts to achieve t he same. So the biggest problem in a court is the evidentiary value of the computer created reports. It is very difficult to prove that the records are genuine because the content is insecure and can be easily accessed by third party hence making it vulnerable to tampering. There is way to avoid this serious issue. Digital Signature Technology is a helpful solution. It will cater to save the evidentiary worth of the documents and save the authenticity of them in courts. By the use of digital signature, a message or document is converted by the method of cryptography. This technology helps to clarify the authenticity of the information and validates the trueness of the signatory. It also helps the party to ensure that the particular document was sent by a particular person. If any nuance of the document digitally secured gets tampered, by verifying one will be able to understand that the document has been changed as it is digitally signed. It will also be ensured that the digital signature is not made by the original signatory. If any case of tampered records is discussed in courts, the court will reconsider the evidentiary value and excuse the glitch. Since the growth of technology is elevating tenfold, over a period of time digital signatures are losing the essence of security. The concept of contract formation by internet and other electronic medium is still in rising and is gaining popularity in all straights in life. However since the electronic space is insecure in nature, third party with technical skills can misappropriate the information available, it is essential to ensure appropriate safeguards to secure the authenticity of the documents so that they do not lose the evidentiary value in the courts of law. Bibliography The Effective Formation Of Contracts By Electronic Means(2016) .austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZCompuLawJl/2001/33.pdf Davidson, Alan,The Law Of Electronic Commerce(Cambridge University Press, 2009) Australian Government Review Of Australian Contract Law(2012) lawsociety.com.au https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/644777.pdf THE PAPERLESS CONTRACT(2015) www.nortongledhill.com.au https://www.nortongledhill.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Paperless-Contract.pdf E-Commerce | Attorney-General's Department(2016) Ag.gov.au https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Formation Of Contracts By Email Is It Just The Same As The Post?(2016) User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM https://file:///D:/User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM%20(1).pdf Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 Act No. 20/2000(2016) https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/ https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/ldms/pubstatbook.nsf/f932b66241ecf1b7ca256e92000e23be/f3176112f522da6bca256e5b00213e26/$FILE/00-020a.pdf

Recommendations Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Recommendations for Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction Supplier relationship is one of the major concerns for any organization, in which reseller organization buys products from the supplier in order to resell the products. Sourcing and selecting the right suppliers and maintaining strong relationship with them are the main priorities of the retail organizations towards successfully running the organizations (Islam et al., 2013). The organization that is chosen for this study is Popular Holdings, which is a distributer and retailers of books in the local education market. The scandal that this organization has faced was to choose their preferred suppliers depending on their personal relationship and not depending on the quality and price of the products of the suppliers, which led to huge negative reputation in the market and even distressed suppliers attention (de Souza et al., 2014). The study will represent issues related to supplier selection criteria of this organization. The study will recommend appropriate criteria to be applied in the supplier selection criteria of this organization. Through analyzing the importance of ICT in purchasing operation, the study will demonstrate ICT in improving the purchasing operation of the organization. Lastly, the study will also recommend appropriate tools to be considered in analyzing the cost of purchasing of this organization. Key Information of Popular Holdings Popular Holdings is a renowned Singapore based retail organization that is engaged in publishing, distributing and retails different kinds of books in the local market of Singapore (Popularworld - Home. 2016). The organization operates in international markets through their subsidiaries in those markets. The organization also provides assessment titles, stationary products and multimedia products. It is the largest bookstore within Southeast Asia that has almost 143 retail outlets in all over the world (Thai, 2013). The organization has multiple number of sources from which the organization get multimedia sources and stationary products. The organization also uses global suppliers in getting books like autobiography. The main competitors of this organization are MPH Group and Page one that also design and sells different type of books in the market of Singapore. The goal of the organization is to provide quality books and multimedia products to the customers and provide it at value f or money price. The strategy of this organization can be seen in provide all newly published books and e-learning facility to the overseas students. The organization offers their products at affordable price because they value for the money of the customers. Supplier Selection Criteria Issue Popular Holding Group sells books, multimedia products and stationary products to the customers. Though the organization publish their own books and sell it the local market, the organization needs suppler in getting various type of story books for the adult customers. Apart from that, the organization also needs audiovisual products to be supplied by the suppliers. In order to match the syllabus of student of different countries, the organization needs international suppliers, who will provide books by matching the syllabus of the students (Sohal Rahman, 2013). Furthermore, the organization is trying to expand its business through providing foods and beverages to the customers. Manufacturing of these kinds of products would need extra cost, which will be too costly in operating the business. Therefore, the organization needs supplies of readymade products that this organization resells to the customers. The purchasing goal of this organization is to get quality products from the supplier so that it can meet the demand of the customers properly. Apart from that, the goal of purchasing is also to get the products at lowest cost so that it can minimize the cost of organization. However, the organization uses multiple source suppliers for getting different types of products in all the different areas of their business. In this situation, the organization is becoming failed towards maintaining good relationship with all the suppliers. The organization is not able in efficiently prioritizing their existing suppliers as their product standard. Apart from that, the organization has lack of information communication technology towards providing authentic inventory information to the global suppliers. Therefore, the suppliers are becoming failed in providing products timely and according to the needs of the organization. Lack of ability of the organization in prioritizing the supplier sometim es leads to wrong selection in terms of costly suppliers that increases the cost of the organization. Figure 1: Supply risk and impact on value (Source: Watanuki, 2015) Appropriate Criteria and Decision in supplier selection Cost analyzing Cost analyzing of the suppliers should be one of the prime activities of Popular Holdings in selecting the suppliers from local as well as from global markets. The organization should look at the competitive pricing of the suppliers and thus, choose such supplier only who provides products at lowest cost so that cost of company is minimized (Fernie Sparks, 2014). The organization should also analyze the financial stability of the organization towards selecting right suppliers out of many suppliers. Quality and safety Not only should the price of the suppliers, but also Popular Holdings incorporate quality of the products of suppliers before purchasing the products from their suppliers. The organization sometimes faces quality issue due to immediate selection of suppliers and therefore, they do not get time for analyzing the quality of the products. In this way, the poor quality of the products may disappoint the customers by decreasing the customer value. The organization should maintain a safety standard for their product to be sold to the customers, so the purchasing manager should follow those standard in choosing the suppliers. Delivery Due to global selection business, the organization has to select suppliers globally. The organization has to select those suppliers only who will be able to timely deliver the products to the customers. This will increase the value of the products to the organization through keeping its time value. Service Popular Holdings should select the suppliers based on the ability of the suppliers in providing service on the products provided to the organization. If the products come from the supplier seems to have any issues, they should take it in return through promising to provide right products (Dyckhoff, Lackes Reese, 2013). Convenience The ways, the suppliers would provide the products, should be in convenient way. The organization should select the suppliers based on their convenience in providing the products. The organization should choose only those suppliers that use right vehicles towards providing timely delivery of products to the customers. Risk evaluation In order to evaluate the feasibility of the supplier selection, an organization has to evaluate the risk associated with it (Monczka et al., 2015). Popular Holdings should track all the records associated with the suppliers in identifying the risk with them and accordingly minimizing the risk through selecting right suppliers. Purchasing Management Concept for ICT According to Musso and Risso, (2013), the concerned organization has to effectively deal with both inbound and outbound logistics, which will eventually enhance the firms distribution system. On the other hand, Frehe and Teuteberg, (2014) pointed out that ICT tools help in centralizing and communicating with the suppliers in real time basis, which helps in improving the lead time management. Information communication technology (ICT) tools are highly important for accessing relevant and important information on time for getting competitive advantage over the competitor organizations (Frehe Teuteberg, 2014). ICT tools will help the Popular Holdings in interacting with different other organization in terms of supply chain management through efficient data sharing, exchange of data in high speed towards meeting customer demands. Using ICT tool the organization will be able to provide timely information to the supplier organizations and thus, they will be able to provide timely delivery of the products to the customers. Apart from that, the ICT tools facilitate the organization in communicating authentic information about the inventory to the suppliers so that they can supply right amount of products to the organization (Fadiya et al., 2015). It will improve the purchasing operation of the organization through minimizing the waste of products due to overburden of supplied p roducts. ICT Tools Bar Code Tool Bar Code readers will be effectively useful in implementing automatic data capture system, which improves the accuracy and speed of data entry in the computers (Musso Risso, 2013). It will also improve in counting the raw materials stored in the inventory and count the finished goods. Thus, it will improve in accessing the exact amount of products needed from the suppliers. Apart from that, the bar code reader tools also can record the purchasing requirement of the organization 5 to 7 times quicker than the normal employees of the organization can, and thus, it would reduce the labor cost of the organization and increase the reliability of the organization in assuming demand of products to be purchased from suppliers. ICT tools also communicate the right motto of the organization with the supplier so that the supplier can provide products by meeting all the requirements of the customers. RFID ICT tool RFID ICT tool will facilitate Popular Holdings in bulk reading of organizational inventory. This technology will also help the organization in tracing the products throughout the process of supply chain management. ICT tools also help in reducing the cost of the supply chain management as it reduces the labor cost due to bulk reading of information of the organizational products (Tan et al., 2012). Purchasing Cost Analysis The concerned organization is not following centralized procurement technique and therefore redundancy of raw materials is quite evident. On the other hand, the organization is not well equipped with real time inventory monitoring through e-technology. The organization follows traditional inventory management techniques and therefore, the system is not proven to be up-to-date (Santos et al., 2016). The organization is basically multi-source based retail outlet, which is not completely aware of allocating and disintegrating its updated inventory. Therefore, in terms of corporate sustainability and minimizing wastage of procurement, the organization needs to incorporate certain techniques for purchasing cost analysis. Purchase Cost Techniques Cost Analysis An organization needs to analyze preliminary the actual cost to purchase regarding the good that needs to be supplied (Chen Guo, 2015). This is because cost is related to storage, handling and delivery. The organization needs to centralize the types of sources of supply so that handling cost does not exceed further in terms of human resource. The actual cost of procurement is consisted of cost of supplies and cost of handling, where the later must not exceed more than 7 percent than the earlier (Simchi-Levi et al., 2013). Maverick Spending An organization that follows purchase requisition procedure, it eventually increases the cost of procurement (Fayard et al., 2012). Therefore, it is required for the organization to take care of the type of inventory management and implement ad hoc purchase technique in future. The maverick purchases will be identified and filtered out that will reduce the cost of procurement. Centralized Warehousing The organization follows multisource supply and therefore, each of the inventories is categorized. This has increased the purchasing cost for the organization. Therefore, it is recommended that the organization have to reduce the cost of purchasing by centralizing its warehousing so that handling cost is reduced. Activity Based Costing An organization needs to follow activity based costing so that the consumption cost of actual supplies is reduced (Kang, 2015). The cost of each day has to be organized in terms of concurrent activities, so that the final cost of handling inventory is reduced, which will be same for Popular Holdings. Bidding System The concerned organization has expanded from the past to a large extent and therefore, it has created good reputation in the market. Therefore, in order to reduce purchasing cost, it needs to follow bidding technique, where the lowest bid will be granted. The supplier with lowest cost will be granted and it will reduce the cost of inventory. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Popular Holdings has multiple source of suppliers and they are unable to maintain strong relationship with the suppliers. On the other hand, due to global sourcing of suppler, the organization is unable to provide timely information to them and prioritizing the suppliers. However, the organization can be able to mitigate this supplier selection issues through adopting appropriate supplier selection criteria. The organization will choose those suppliers, who will be able to provide quality products in timely manners with lowest price. In order to maintain consistent relationship with the suppliers, Popular Holdings should incorporate ICT tools in improving purchasing operation of the organization. ICT tool like bar code reader will facilitate the organization in automatic counting of raw materials in the inventory and accordingly place order of purchasing to suppliers. 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